一、综合题
C1. Fill in the blanks with the words or expressions given in a word bank below. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each blank.
| A. motivating | B. pay a big price | C. comes down to | D. enlightening | E. violates |
| F. would rather | G. make concessions | H. come in handy | I. prejudiced | J. compose |
If you （） be alone, we will leave here.
The Prime Minister has made it clear that he won’t （）to the strikers.
It is a good opportunity for us to invest in the project, but it （） money in the end; that is how much money we can afford to invest.
You will need to prove the noise made by your neighbor （）the regulations.
She frowned at the sales report, making an effort to （）herself before she talked to the employees.
Although personally we believe this to be of only secondary importance, its potential role
in （）innovative acts cannot be ignored.
Please don’t forget the Tourist Guide, which should（） when you travel to different places in Asia and Europe for the next few weeks.
She didn’t want to marry him and was（） against him because he didn’t meet her expectations for marriage.
You will （）for not learning English; you never know how much you will miss without being able to speak English.
To study a number of subjects in the humanities has been both enjoyable and（） , providing me with a new and different perspective on the world in which we live.
学生答案：F；G；C；E；J；A；H；I；B；D
2、 C2. Read the passage and select one word for each blank.
| A. vanish | B. absolutely | C. rival | D. implies | E. accumulating |
| F. better | G. Theoretically | H. rather | I. because | J. probability |
In my opinion, making a decision 1（）that there are several options for us to think about. Sometimes, we have to choose from 2（）options, and in such a case we want not only to identify as many of these difficult choices as possible, but also to choose the one that has the highest 3（）of success. To achieve this goal, every carefully chosen decision must be made in the light of a preset standard. Also, “Do it” or “Don’t do it” does not qualify as a set of alternative choices. Only “Do this” or “Do something else” really qualifies. (By Steven)
4（）, the winning strategy of decision-making is to sufficiently reduce uncertainty to allow a reasonable choice to be made. However, many of us are expectedly unreasonable. We can’t bear to let any opportunities 5（） nor can we even stand the temporary pain. We have a tendency to seek more information than required to make a complicated decision. However, when too much information is sought and obtained, 6（） than restricted options, several problems can arise. (By Judy)
That’s 7（） true. For example, when so much information is available, our decision-making ability actually declines 8（）the information can no longer be managed with conscious effort. A major problem caused by information overload is forgetfulness. We are naturally prejudiced that more is 9（）. However, when too much information is taken into memory, especially in a short period of time, some of the information that was received earlier will be pushed out. Therefore, 10（）evidence shows that more is not necessarily better. (By Jason)
3、C3. Reading comprehension. Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage.
For millions of years before the appearance of the electric light, shift work, all-night cable TV and the Internet, earth’s creatures evolved on a planet with predictable and reassuring 24-hour rhythms. Our biological clocks are set for this daily cycle. Simply, our bodies want to sleep at night and be awake during the day. Most women and men need between eight and eight and a half hours of sleep a night to function properly throughout their lives. (Contrary to popular belief, humans don’t need less sleep as they age.)
But on average, Americans sleep only about seven and a half hours per night, a marked drop from the nine hours they averaged in 1910. What’s worse, nearly one third of all Americans get less than six hours of sleep on a typical work night. For most people, that’s not nearly enough.
Finding ways to get more and better sleep can be a challenge. Scientists have identified more than 80 different sleep disorders. Some sleeping disorders are genetic. But many problems are caused by staying up late and by travelling frequently between time zones or by working nights. Dr. James F. Jones at National Jewish Medical and Research Centre in Denver says that sleep disorders are often diagnosed as other discomforts. About one third of the patients referred to him with possible chronic fatigue syndrome actually have treatable sleep disorders. “Before we do anything else, we look at their sleep,” Jones says.
Sleep experts say that most people would benefit from a good look at their sleep patterns. “My motto (座右铭) is ‘Sleep defensively’,” says Mary Carskadon of Brown University. She says people need to carve out sufficient time to sleep, even if it means giving up other things. Sleep routines — like going to bed and getting up at the same time every day — are important. Pre-bedtime activities also make a difference. As with Elsner, who used to suffer from sleeplessness, a few life style changes — avoiding stimulants and late meals, exercising hours before bed-time, relaxing with a hot bath — yield better sleep.
What do we learn about human sleep from the second paragraph?（）
A) Most people need less sleep when they grow older.
B) Most people need seven and a half hours of sleep every night.
C) On average, people in the US today sleep less per night than they used to.
D) For most people, less than six hours of sleep on a typical work night is enough.
For our bodies to function properly, we should（）
A) sleep for at least eight hours per night
B) believe that we need less sleep as we age
C) adjust our activities to the new inventions
D) be able to predict the rhythms of our biological clocks
According to the author, many sleeping disorders are caused by （）
A) other diseases
B) improper sleep patterns
C) pre-bedtime exercises
D) chronic fatigue syndrome
Which of the following measures can help you sleep better?（）
A) Having late meals.
B) Travelling between time zones.
C) Staying up late.
D) Taking a hot bath.
What does the author mean by saying “Sleep defensively” (Para. 4)?（）
A) People should go to a doctor and have their problems diagnosed.
B) People should exercise immediately before going to bed every night.
C) People should sacrifice other things to getting enough sleep if necessary.
D) People should give up going to bed and getting up at the same time every day.
4、C4. Passage Two. Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage.
Some 23 million additional US residents are expected to become more regular users of the US health care system in the next several years, thanks to the passage of health care reform. Digitizing medical data has been promoted as one way to help the already burdened system manage the surge in patients. But putting people’s health information in databases and online is going to do more than simply reduce redundancies (冗余). It is already shifting the very way we seek and receive health care.
“The social dynamics of care are changing,” says John Gomez, vice president and chief technology strategy officer at Eclipsys, a medical information technology company. Most patients might not yet be willing to share their latest CT scan images over Facebook, he notes, but many parents post their babies’ ultrasound(超声波) images, and countless patients nowadays use social networking sites to share information about conditions, treatments and doctors.
With greater access to individualized health information — whether that is through a formal electronic medical record, a self-created personal health record or a quick instant-messaging session with a physician — the traditional roles of doctors and patients are undergoing a rapid transition. “For as long as we’ve known, health care has been ‘I go to the physician, and they tell me what to do, and I do it’,” says Nitu Kashyap, a physician and research fellow at the Yale Center for Medical Informatics. Soon more patients will be arriving at a hospital or doctor’s office having reviewed their own record, latest test results and recommended articles about their health concerns. And even more individuals will be able to skip that visit altogether, instead sending a text message or e-mail to their care provider or consulting a personal health record or smart-phone application to answer their questions.
These changes will be strengthened by the nationwide shift to electronic medical records, which has already begun. Although the majority of US hospitals and doctors’ offices are still struggling to start the changeover, many patients already have electronic medical records — and some even have partial access to them. The MyChart program, in use at Cleveland Clinic, the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Centre at Dallas and other facilities, is a Web portal(门户) through which patients can see basic medical information as well as some test results.
Medical data is getting a new digital life, and it is jump-starting a “fundamental change in how care is provided”, Gomez says.
What does the author say about putting patient information in databases and online?（）
A) It enables more Americans to join the health care system.
B) It contributes to the passage of health care reform.
C) It increases the burden of the US health care system.
D) It changes how people seek and receive health care.
What do many patients use social networking sites to do according to John Gomez?（）
A) To improve their social interactions.
B) To post their latest CT scan images.
C) To share information about their health care.
D) To show their babies’ recent pictures.
According to Nitu Kashyap, more patients in the future will （）
A) refuse to follow their doctors’ advice
B) be more dependent on their doctors
C) leave out their visit to doctors’ offices and hospitals
D) have their illness cured through e-mail
It is stated in the fifth paragraph that （）
A) nationwide digitalization of medical data will begin soon
B) most of US hospitals and doctors are against the shift
C) patients are worried about the security of their health information
D) patients are starting to make use of their electronic medical records
The best title for this passage could be （）
A) The Future of Your Medical Data
B) Challenges Against Doctors and Hospitals
C) Benefits of the US Health Care Reform
D) How to Access and Share Your Health Information
5、C5. Passage Three. Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage.
“Sushi tastes amazing. A great steak is just amazing.” Those are not the words you expect to hear from a leader of the vegetarian movement. But that’s how Graham Hill, founder of the sustainability website Tree Hugger, feels about the fleshier components of his diet. He is a self-described “weekday vegetarian”, a compromise that came about after years of trying — and failing — to adhere to a strictly vegetarian diet.
For the past year, Hill has preached the cause of partial vegetarianism to help fight global warming. According to the UN, the livestock industry produces 18% of the world’s green house gases. Part-time vegetarians, also known as flexitarians, choose what to eat and when. The popular Meatless Monday movement, which began in 2003, has been backed by many celebrities, including Paul McCartney, who has spearheaded(率先) his own Meat Free Monday campaign. Last year the Belgian city of Ghent picked Thursday as its Veggieday, calling for meat-free options to be served that day in schools and public institutions.
The drive to avoid eating meat on certain days is not new. Catholics have long been urged to abstain(自我克制) on Fridays. But environmentalists have only recently caught on. “The surge is due to a sense of a plateau. You’ve already reached out to the base of strict vegetarians, and it’s hard to get beyond those numbers,” says Peter Singer, a Princeton philosophy professor and the author of Animal Liberation. “People should go further, but it’s progressed in the right direction.”
Although the American Dietetic Association (ADA) doesn’t track the number of part-timers, the group says roughly 2.5% of Americans are strictly vegetarian, a diet that poses no health risks as long as practitioners get enough protein from beans and other nonmeat sources. “A partial-vegetarian plan is a little more user-friendly,” says Dawn Jackson Blatner, a flexitarian and ADA spokesperson.
The goal for many activists is simply to get more people to eat less meat. “Absolute purists should be living in a cave,” says Ingrid Newkirk, president of People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA). “Anybody who witnesses the suffering of animals and has a glimmer of hope of reducing that suffering can’t take the position that it’s all or nothing. We have to be pragmatic. Screw the principle.”
The first quote of the passage is intended to show that（）
A) sushi and steak are both Hill’s favorite food
B) the vegetarian movements are popular
C) Hill isn’t a qualified leader of the vegetarian movement
D) it’s difficult to be a strict vegetarian
What is said about Graham Hill?（）
A) He doesn’t eat meat only on weekdays.
B) He doesn’t want to be a strict vegetarian.
C) He is an environmentalist.
D) He failed to lose weight.
Why does Paul McCartney support the Meatless Monday movement?（）
A) He wants to help fight global warming.
B) He’d like to take this to promote his popularity.
C) He is a Catholic avoiding eating meat on Mondays.
D) He is an advocate of protecting animals.
What can be inferred from Paragraph 4?（）
A) Part-time vegetarians account for nearly 2.5% of Americans.
B) A fully vegetarian diet may have no bad effect on health.
C) Partial vegetarians are healthier than strict vegetarians.
D) Many celebrities are part-time vegetarians.
According to Ingrid Newkirk, （）
A) people should adhere to a strictly vegetarian diet
B) everybody should act to fight global warming
C) a partial-vegetarian plan works more sensibly
D) people should stop eating meat since it’s bad for health
6、C5-2 Passage Five. Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage.
The traditional school year, with three months of vacation every summer, was first implemented when America was an agricultural society and the summer months were needed for farm work. Since then, we’ve completely changed as a nation. Students no longer spend summers farming, but they aren’t in school, either. The average American student receives 13 weeks off from school each calendar year-with about 11 of those during the summer. Few other countries have more than seven weeks off in a school calendar.
With the U.S. lagging behind other countries in academics, it’s time to consider year-round schooling. One benefit of this change is that students will not fall victim to the “summer slide,” or the well documented phenomenon where students forget some of the knowledge they have acquired when too much time is taken off from school. Decades of research shows that it can take from 8 to 13 weeks at the beginning of every school year for students to get back to where they were before the summer holiday.
But year-round schooling isn’t just about academics. Teachers and students experience a closer relationship in year-round schools than they do in traditional schools and, in the absence of any long-term break, students do not feel detached from the school environment. These closer bonds and greater attachment pay off. Research shows that students in year-round schools are more self-confident and feel more positive about their schooling experience.
But don’t kids need time to relax? Some childhood development experts believe that time off from school is vital to healthy development as kids are not designed to spend so much of their time inside classrooms and the summer break provides a perfect opportunity to get outside. The problem with this argument is that most children aren’t playing outside or even spending time with other kids. While some children visit summer camps, most stay at home, watching TV or playing games on electronic devices, which hardly benefits them.
The U.S. has changed from a farming economy to a knowledge- and innovation-based economy, so it makes sense for the school year to change as well.
1.Why did America’s traditional school year have a three-month summer vacation?（）
A) Students needed to help with farm work.
B) Students needed time to learn necessary farming skills.
C) The agricultural society then attached less importance to academics.
D) America lagged behind other countries in making a scientific school calendar.
2.What benefit will year-round schooling bring students in addition, to improving their learning?（）
A) It will help them get back to where their lessons started.
B) It will enable them to absorb what they have learned.
C) It will familiarize them with the school environment.
D) It will strengthen their relationship with teachers.
3.What do some childhood development experts believe about the long summer vacation?（）
A) It meets students’ need to study on their own.
B) It enables students to learn about the outside world.
C) It satisfies students’ desire to stay longer at home.
D) It contributes to students’ healthy growth.
4.What is the argument against the experts’ idea of a long summer vacation?（）
A) It does little good to most students.
B) It benefits few students playing outside.
C) It leads students to neglect their studies.
D) It makes students addicted to computer games.
5.What does the author think of the traditional school year in the U.S. today?（）
A) Well-grounded.
B) Culture-bound.
C) Outdated.
D) Welcomed.
7、C5-1 Passage Four. Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage.
Supermarkets have long been suffering as one of the thinnest -margined businesses in existence and one of the least-looked-forward-to places to work or visit. For more than a decade, they have been under attack from e-commerce giants, blamed for making Americans fat, and accused of contributing to climate change.
Supermarkets can technically be defined as giants housing 15,000 to 60,000 different products. The revolutionary idea of a self-service grocery, where people could hunt and gather food from aisles rather than asking a clerk to fetch items from behind a counter, first came about in America. There is some debate about which was the very first, but over the years a consensus has built around King Kullen Supermarket, founded in New York in 1930.
For some 300 years, Americans had fed themselves from small stores and public markets. Shopping for food involved mud, noisy chickens, clouds of flies, nasty smells, bargaining, and getting short changed. The supermarket imitated the Fordist factory, with its emphasis on efficiency and standardization, and reimagined it as a place to buy food. Supermarkets may not feel cutting-edge now, but they were a revolution in distribution at the time. They were such strange marvels that, on her first official state visit to the United States in 1957, Queen Elizabeth II insisted on an impromptu (即兴的) tour of a suburban-Maryland Giant Food.
The typical supermarket layout has barely changed over the past 90 years. Most stores open with flowers, fruit and vegetables at the front as a breath of freshness to arouse our appetite. Meanwhile, they keep the milk, eggs, and other daily basics all the way back so you’ll travel through as much of the store as possible, and be tempted along the way.
In the early days, as the supermarket multiplied, so did our suspicion of it. We have long feared that this “revolution in distribution” uses corporate black magic on our appetite. The book The Hidden Persuaders, published in 1957, warned that supermarkets were putting women in a “hypnoidal trance (催眠恍惚状态), “causing them to wander aisles bumping into boxes and “picking things off shelves at random.”
What problem have supermarkets been facing?（）
A) They are actually on the way to bankruptcy.
B) They have been losing customers and profits.
C) They are forced to use e-commerce strategies.
D) They have difficulty adapting to climate change.
What does the passage say about the idea of a self-service grocery?（）
A) It was put forward by King Kullen.
B) It originated in the United States.
C) It has been under constant debate.
D) It proves revolutionary even today.
3.What did supermarkets do by adopting the Fordist factory approach?（）
A) They modernized traditional groceries in many ways.
B) They introduced cutting-edge layout of their stores.
C) They improved the quality of the food they sold.
D) They revolutionized the distribution of goods.
4.What is the typical supermarket layout intended to do?（）
A) Arouse customers’ appetite to buy flowers, fruit and vegetables.
B) Provide customers easy access to items they want to buy.
C) Induce customers to make more unplanned purchases.
D) Enable customers to have a more enjoyable shopping experience.
What have people long feared about supermarkets?（）
A) They use tricky strategies to promote their business.
B) They are going to replace the local groceries entirely.
C) They apply corporate black magic to the goods on display.
D) They take advantage of the weaknesses of women shoppers.
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